Tumors of urinary system and Male Genital Tract

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Steve Jobs Inspirational Speech

How to study Pathology? Four Useful Tips

How to study Pathology? Four Useful Tips

Study Tip 1 – Keep it organized. Pathology is a high-volume course that progresses and builds on complex concepts. However, many areas of this study can be broken down and grouped to help the student organize and easily recall the pathologic steps. Take one general topic, like Tissue Necrosis, and list all its subtypes underneath it. Keep the diagrams concise so that you may review them for quick reference and comparison as you continuing studying the subject.

Study Tip 2 – Start with the big picture. Sift through the assigned chapter or unit in the beginning of your studies and get a rough idea of what you will be covering. While you are skimming through, decide which material must be thoroughly understood versus the minor details that can be memorized closer to the exam date. Take your time and think through the steps of the major concepts while you have plenty of time before the test. Gene products, chromosome location, and toxin names should be memorized after you are familiar with the terminology and pathologic processes. More than likely, the mundane facts will only reside in your short-term memory and will only frustrate you if you first attempt to memorize words and diseases you don’t understand.

Study Tip 3 – Know the terminology and nomenclature well. Most of the time this can be accomplished by paying attention to the stem of the word. Take hypertrophy for example, which describes an increase in cell size. The stem -trophy often refers to cellular growth and dimensions. If hyper- is added to any term, it usually means an increase, or greater than normal levels. So it is easy to see how the pathologic process of increased cell size is described by its term hypertrophy. Using this, we can infer that hypotrophy indicates decreased cell size. This study tip becomes very useful when differentiating types of cell changes and progression to cancer. For instance, the term carcinoma indicates that a malignant tumor is derived from epithelium, while sarcoma is derived from mesenchyme. In addition, the suffix -oma usually means a growth is benign, but keep in mind that there are always exceptions; such as, Melanoma and Lymphoma which are malignant tumors.

Study Tip 4 – Compare and contrast the disease processes. Every time you are studying something, ask yourself “How is this different from . . . and how is this similar to . . . ?” Pathology is full of dichotomies and many disease processes overlap each other, thus making it easy to confuse them with each other. Some common examples are Benign vs. Malignant, Transudate vs. Exudate, Grade vs. Stage, Reversible Injury vs. Irreversible. Some students will benefit from making tables to keep the concepts and details separated.

Courtesy : http://clinicalpathology.wordpress.com

Inhibin A, Tumor Marker, Serum

• An aid in the diagnosis of patients with granulosa cell tumors of the ovary when used in combination with inhibin B
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http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199311183292104#t=articleDiscussion

Elevated Serum Inhibin Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women with Ovarian Tumors 

David L. Healy, Henry G. Burger, Pamela Mamers, Tom Jobling, Mohan Bangah, Michael Quinn, Peter Grant, Arthur J. Day, Robert Rome, and James J. CampbellN Engl J Med 1993; 329:1539-1542November 18, 1993DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199311183292104

Hodgkins Lymphoma- Recent Advances

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Autoimmune hemolytic anaemia

Nihon Hoigaku Zasshi. 1998 Oct;52(5):319-30.[Studies on properties of cross-reacting anti-A,B antibodies in group O sera].[Article in Japanese]Ago K.Source

Department of Legal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Japan.

Abstract

It is widely accepted that the sera of group O individuals contain three antibodies: anti-A, anti-B, and an antibody capable of reacting with both A and B red cells, generally called anti-A,B. The exact nature of the anti-A,B antibody, however, has been controversial for a long time. This paper attempts to answer the question of the anti-A,B antibody. The anti-A,B antibody was separated and purified from pooled group O sera by six consecutive runs of affinity chromatography on alternating columns of group A-specific and group B-specific immunoadsorbents. The final eluate, the anti-A,B preparation, was found to be homogeneous in the polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Immunodiffusion studies, together with treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, showed the anti-A,B antibody to be IgG. The anti-A activity of the anti-A, B antibody was inhibited with group A secretor saliva and group A-specific substances, but not with group B secretor saliva and group B-specific substances, and the anti-B activity of the antibody was inhibited with group B secretor saliva and group B-specific substances, but not with group A secretor saliva and group A-specific substances. Then, Fab fragments of the anti-A,B antibody were prepared by papain digestion. Indirect hemagglutination tests for the Fab fragments by use of an anti-Fab antiserum demonstrated that the Fab fragments possess both of anti-A and anti-B activity. Then, rosetting tests for the anti-A,B antibody were carried out using A- and B-specific trisaccharides covalently attached to silica particles. The results showed that the anti-A,B antibody linked A- and B-specific trisaccharides to A and B red cells. These results strongly indicate that the anti-A,B antibody is an antibody with significant affinity for both group A and group B antigens rather than an antibody directed against a structure common to group A and group B antigens. The conclusions based on the above experiments are that the anti-A,B antibody in group O sera is IgG and presumably possesses dual specificity regarding to anti-A and anti-B activity.

PMID:10077979

Rosai dorfman disease

Flowcytometry from Sumanth Deva

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CPC (clinico-pathological correlation ) meetings at osmania medical college

Squash cytology pediatric CNS tumors.. Dr nagesh

Squash cytology of cns paediatric tumours from Sumanth Deva